It takes the edge off the distillate, making it soft, round, and balanced. That’s why we give the Monkey 100 days to fully develop his unrivalled complexity in traditional earthenware vessels. Earthenware plays its own special role in this process by providing a porous structure rougher (and thus more permeable to air) than glass or steel. This facilitates an ideal exchange of oxygen – and we imagine the angels appreciate getting their fair share, too. Letting a spirit mature is an expensive, but indispensable commitment to quality. Another myth busted!

We take extreme care when distilling by applying the least possible pressure, slowly rising temperatures, and gentle cooling. This is incredibly time-consuming, but it ensures that the fragile, flowery aroma components in particular aren't destroyed in the distillation process. The follow-up separation phase also takes place very, very early on, meaning we only use the absolute core of the distillation process.

Depending on the type and variety of ingredients you use, tannins that produce unwanted aromas can also develop over time. Ultimately, the ample empirical evidence we compiled in the two years we spent developing the Monkey’s aroma profile determines how long we macerate.

The variety of olfactory data that arrives here is combined into an overall impression. The information is also passed on to further regions of the brain that link the smell at hand to emotions, desires, or motivational functions and store it in our memory. This is why smells tend to evoke feelings and have a conditioning effect on our sense of taste. Assembling a fully fledged composition of aromas thus requires a range of different methods, and as you've probably guessed, there's nothing simple about it.

We didn't know why that was, but we quickly determined that fresh peels would be the only option for us. Experiments with fresh lemons and grapefruits followed, and we were thrilled with the results - at first, at least. Experiencing the gin itself was pure bliss, but acquiring those precious fruits posed a real challenge. We were only interested in using the peels of fresh lemons and grapefruits, so they needed to be entirely untreated; that meant no fungicides, pesticides, wax, or anything else. Driven once more by our botanical curiosity, our search led us to the foot of Mount Etna, Europe's largest active volcano. In the Sicilian community of Sant'Alfio, which lies on a plane of lava that cooled more than 2,000 years ago, pesticide-free lemons flourish thanks to the mineral-rich volcanic soil. It's the ideal environment for producing the essences that are so fundamental to the taste and aroma of Monkey 47. Plus, the Fiery One is even kind enough to provide the necessary fertiliser through its natural dispersal of volcanic ash, which is guaranteed to be free of any additives.

Besides ensuring the quality of these botanicals, the main challenge lies in blending these fragile fragrances with our gin's more dominant ethereal aromas. It's a balancing act that requires both a keen understanding of the senses and advanced distillation skills. After all, this process is all about drawing out and accentuating the nuances of individual ingredients.

Through the discovery of quinine as a form of malaria prevention and the introduction of "tonic water", gin then rose to prominence as an important basis for a variety of cocktails and long drinks. While we readily admit that we sailed no high seas on our travels, we did go where the proverbial pepper grows to acquire the botanicals that go into Monkey 47. The exotic finds we brought back with us - including eastern Asian ingredients like cubeb pepper, cassia bark, coriander, grains of paradise, musk seed, allspice, cardamom, cloves, nutmeg, and liquorice - are what give our gin its unique and elegantly spiced finish. We think it was worth the journey.

The key to this eccentric blend, however, is another local staple that seems both surprising and yet made to enhance the right gin. Would you have guessed that the lingonberry is what gives Monkey 47 its definitive twist? All the basic aromas you'd want from a good gin - refreshing acidity, lasting bitter notes, and a slight sweetness - can be found among the natural strengths of this tart fruit. It's that certain something that marries the rich untamed nature of the Black Forest's upper reaches to the extravagance of the British Empire.

I admit, it would be fantastic to be able to say, oh yes, our juniper grows right here in the forest! The reason why it doesn’t has to do with the fact that the best juniper needs short, cold winters and long, hot summers with plenty of sunlight. Germany is famous for a quite a few things – a sense of humour that’s as celebrated as it is widely recognised around the world, for example – but the number of hours the sun doesn’t spend in hiding is generally not one of them. That’s why we turn to more suitable countries like Italy and Croatia (depending on where the latest harvest has been the best) for the ripest juniper berries, which lend our gin a sun-kissed aroma that puts local varieties in the shade.

To create a truly high-quality product, you have to break it down into all of its constituent parts. Along with determining the right neutral spirits and water for our gin, the herbal ingredients we select play a fundamental role. Why? That’s easy: Even the best chef with the best equipment is only as good as the sum of his or her ingredients. Meanwhile, I initially had no idea how complex this aspect could be. What was best – fresh or dried, ground or crushed, or even frozen? All this would certainly be an interesting exercise in purely mathematical terms, but from a distilling perspective, it’s a challenge that’s at least as bewildering as Einstein’s theory of relativity...which makes maintaining your sense of humour all the more important. What’s the word again? Ah yes, “complex” – too complex, in fact, for a final comprehensive summary of this subject. I suppose simplicity just isn’t our speciality.

Surrender? Heavens no. Christoph had just secured a key victory in the Battle of the Bottle Ring, and allowing him to get on a roll surely would have shaped our day-to-day interactions for years to come. After compiling a checklist born out of rage and desperation, I attempted to develop a rescue plan for myself and the botanical chaos I’d unleashed. First question: Who’s awake at four in the morning and has access to a mill? Right; those busy bakers, the kind I encountered at Sigi’s Backstüble in Reutin at around 4:30. Sigfried Maser, the bakery’s as-yet good-humoured proprietor, saw before him a visibly addled gin manufacturer who was asking for permission to grind up “just a few” herbs. To be on the safe side, I avoided mentioning the 100 kilos of precious flora I’d left in the car for the moment. To my great surprise, Herr Maser was amenable to my plight. Really shouldn’t be a problem, he said; he had a Hummels 2000, after all! The very name of it sounded awfully professional to me. I was sure that if anything out there could handle my situation, it was a Hummels 2000...whatever that was. When I asked Herr Maser to help me retrieve those “few” herbs from my car, some kind of telepathic exchange of moods seemed to take place: Herr Maser now appeared to be somewhat distraught as he got straight to work, but had the support of a very chipper Herr Stein. At that point, it look less than an hour for the Hummels to work its magic. There was nothing else standing between me and batch number one. Strangely enough, however, they say that the rolls tasted a bit different on that February morning back in 2010. Cheers, Sigi!

In other words, it was a local group-brainstorming effort that provided the breakthrough idea we needed, and it was a brilliant one at that. Instead of manufacturing each individual ring, we would cut them from a length of stainless steel pipe. Simple, but you have to admit, brilliant! The 1960s-era machine I then acquired for this purpose still goes about its work day after dutiful day, creating the rings that crown bottles of Monkey 47.

This was the start of an emotional rollercoaster that would only clatter to a stop after eight months of gruelling graphical gruntwork. In the process, we learned once more that innocent bystanders can be caught in the crossfire when one sticks to one’s guns. I mentioned something about a pact with the devil, didn’t I? Using a hole punch to simulate the perforated edges the finished product would have, we spent a few more weeks squabbling over the right colouring before putting our demons to rest for good in the spring of 2010. That brings us to the cork – the real showdown of the design process, which culminated in a series of high-pitched phone conversations. A deluge of debt was already nipping at my heels, and here my illustrious colleague from the south was intent on making it rain. Christoph wanted to put a ring around the cork. Here, it’s important to recall that the desire to win arguments is the glue that holds differing personalities like his and mine together. Fuelled by Christoph’s gnawing defeat on the neutral spirit front, the cork-and-ring issue escalated into a real bone of contention. I was subjected to a rather excessive number of e-mails, calls, and drawings – administrative waterboarding, if you ask me – with nothing but that pile of debt to offer as a counterargument. It was my turn to taste defeat: I was hence promoted, by foreign decree, from humble gin manufacturer to the Lord of the Ring. This is how an artfully decorated circlet came to adorn every cork and bottle of Monkey 47.

A few days later, I received a production quote along with the minimum quantity we’d have to order. I was shocked! I wasn’t looking to branch out into the glass industry; how was I going to afford that? I asked the friendly gentleman from the glassworks for some time to digest this rather unpalatable news. Apparently, my stomach is as strong as ever: The very next morning, I heard myself saying, “Brilliant, let’s do it!” Had something happened overnight? What exactly was brilliant about it? If I had to describe what happened next, I’d say that our perfectionist streak tore through my rudimentary financial planning like a tornado. But if I wind up going bankrupt, I’ll at least go out in style – and with my own bottle!

I should have told him that a picture was no problem – but it wouldn’t be of the actual container. Instead, I opted for a slightly more creative variation on that theme. Having spent some time in the United States, I was saved by the brown paper bags I’d brought back with me, which are the packaging the country’s laws require for purchased alcohol. Bag, bottle, stamp – there’s your packshot!

Go from hunting singular scents to trying to please this crowd? No thanks! And so the decision was made – per l’ordre de Monkey, as it were – to leave our controversial composition in its original form.

Gin is, however, much more than juniper alone, and it is arguably the most dynamic distilled spirit in the world. Developed in medieval monasteries, where alcohol distilled using archaic methods was flavored with juniper berries in order to mask the low quality and taste of the rotgut liquor, the first transformation occurred when the Dutch began making “Genever,” which was marketed by many physicians as a drug with medicinal properties. From Holland, the revamped distilled spirit traveled to England, and in the 18th Century it rose to the status of a ubiquitous national drug. The hype reached its apogee during the so-called “gin craze,” when the term “gin” became practically a synonym for every type of distilled spirit, and famines raged because all of the grain stockpiles were being plundered for the production of schnapps. The consequences for English society were brutal, and periodically forced the English monarchs to implement the “Gin Acts” – laws that prohibited the production of gin, and of brandies in general.

Trade with the colonies, access to Middle Eastern and Asian spices and varieties of fruit, and the continuously developing technology of distillation, taken all together, contributed to a lasting improvement in the quality of gin. These factors also led to a change in the typical flavor profile, yielding a more complex and aromatic distillate.

With the discovery of quinine (a compound found in the rind of the South American cinchona tree) as an effective malaria prevention, which the British armies had to contend with in the colonies, and the consequent introduction of “tonic water,” a soda containing quinine that could indeed be drunk if a bit of alcohol was added to it, gin finally reached the point where it became the base for a number of cocktails and mixed alcoholic drinks. The first of these of course, was the gin and tonic, whose popularity soared so rapidly that it became the most fashionable drink in the entire British Commonwealth within only two years. Gin was and is, consequently, a distillate with a tremendously dynamic evolutionary process, and it has developed over the course of the centuries from a unidimensional, low-quality liquor to a multifaceted classic whose quality varies, depending on the methods and ingredients used in its production. In other words, gin is much more than just a juniper drink, and yes, indeed: There is a breath of history in every glass!

Busted!

It is, of course, common knowledge that one should not make assumptions about other people's likes and dislikes based on one's own preferences, and I can understand, with some difficulty, that not everyone loves Excel. It was thus inevitable that at our first tasting, the jurors would be visibly overwhelmed by the task we gave them. Call it sensory overkill.

With the proverbial carrot and a stick, and many words of explanation, we somehow got through this first semi-public tasting – which took four hours, mind you – and the worst thing about it was that I actually felt good doing it. Was this the first sign that I was falling into line?

Be that as it may, Christoph was nervous and in a bad mood as he began to go through the scoring sheets for this first tasting, which served as our official dress rehearsal in the company of family members and friends, and marked the kickoff for an extensive roadshow. We filled the trunk of our car with numbered, generic tasting bottles, (our own bottle was still secret, and the design was not yet final), in addition to the somewhat “complicated” taste-evaluation sheets designed by Herr Keller, and proceeded to invite the crème de la crème of German cocktail connoisseurs, mixologists and bartenders to join us in our sensory labors. After stops in Stuttgart and Baiersbronn – a Black Forest town known for its cluster of Michelin-starred restaurants – we took off for Munich and Frankfurt. A number of prominent and well-known barkeepers took the time in those weeks to taste, test, and comment on the finalists among our recipes – all of which amounted to a pivotal and important moment in the still-young history of Monkey 47.

Thanks to my deeply ingrained Swabian bookkeeping habits, we ended up with a long list of seven-digit numbers that we used to denote each of our distillates. Of course, I recall with particular pleasure the distillate with the ending digits -403, which would in the end prove to be the prototype for Monkey 47. A “carboy,” or glass bottle containing that distillate can still be found standing today in our maturation warehouse.

At the point in time where we made our decision, however, there were still four other favorites in competition, so that I had to develop a paradigm we could use for our tastings that would enable us to comprehensively evaluate the distillates. Therefore, I created an extensive Excel database, which in addition to simply recording the taste of a given distillate in and of itself -- that is to say, neat, in a suitable glass at room temperature – could take into account a variety of parameters, such as, for example, a range of serving temperatures, the use of ice or up to seven different tonic waters, and dilution of the distillate with tap water. By assembling a multitude of possible combinations, I hoped to be able to get the broadest possible impression of the flavor preferences of our tasters – who in turn were chosen by Alexander.

After tasting more than 25 neutral spirits, which varied with respect to their provenance and agricultural product base (and also, unfortunately, with respect to quality), we finally made our choice, having proven that “neutral” doesn't necessarily mean a distilled spirit is really “neutral” in all respects. Busted!

For true “brandies” are made by fermenting a fruit mash, in which selected yeast strains produce alcohol as they break down the sugars in the fruit (glucose and fructose). In the production of a “Geist” such as gin, however, maceration and distillation are used to introduce flavors into ethyl alcohol already on hand. And contrary to the view prevailing among those involved in the industrial production of spirits, the choice of a neutral spirit is of critical importance in the distillation of a genuine “Geist.”

Gin is a very dynamic distilled spirit whose flavor profile has changed time and again, and has passed through a number of stages of development over the course of hundreds of years. Today the ideal is a fresh and lively-tasting gin, with a subtle and well-balanced flavor architecture that should not be marred by overpowering grain or bread notes (as is the case with, for example, the traditional “Genever” distilled spirit). In a number of very different sensory and distillation experiments with about 20 different neutral spirits based on agricultural products – wine, potatoes, fruit, sugar beets, and various types of grain – I came to realize the extremely important role that a neutral spirit plays as a source of flavor of, and the base for, a good distilled spirit. And so the choice of ethyl alcohol made from molasses was easy to make, even if the idea came from Alexander, which of course I normally would prefer not to mention.

Ethyl alcohol made from molasses, you see, has a special property that enables it to stably bond sweet flavors in particular, which are defined by terpenes and long-chain fatty acids, and to carry those flavors. Thus, it is the ideal alcohol for carrying flavors in distillates made according to a complex recipe!

Thus, all of the lore surrounding Montgomery Collins, and the many stories told about him and his special gin always mention the creativity that Collins employed in realizing his dream of creating his very own gin, in that he namely supplemented classic gin botanicals, and to some extent, replaced them with ingredients native to the Black Forest region.

The local distiller who helped him develop his firewater would not have been much help in that regard. This man was a typical Black Forest schnapps distiller, and would not have made distillates from anything else besides cherries, Damask plums, mirabelle plums, apples, pears, or perhaps in a stretch, raspberries. There were by all means, however, people who could send Collins off on the right path: a few women in the village who were well-versed in the knowledge of medicinal herbs and aromatic wild plants. And a Black Forest tradition – preserving spruce shoots in honey – also found its way into Collins's Black Forest Dry Gin.

Thus, for the exceptional, individual, and perhaps somewhat eccentric flavor of our gin, we use a number of ingredients that do not appear in the recipes for historical English gins. Some years ago, Christoph produced distillates that were made with spruce shoots, and which in addition to the typical and unsurprising resin notes also contained quite pronounced limonenes, and thus gave off fresh aromas of citrus. In Austria, such distillates are called “Maiwipfelgeist,” since the spruce shoots emerge in the month of May. In addition to the spruce shoots, we use other essential ingredients that can be found in traditional Black Forest herbal teas, such as blackberry leaves, (mild sweetness), acacia blossoms (very aromatic honey), hawthorn and dried sloes (astringency), elder blossom (crispness) as well as rose hips (vegetable).
But the true Black Forest secret weapon turned out to be my rather coincidental discovery of, and improper application of the properties of the lingonberry.

Once we had reached the point in our experiments where we had a basic canon of about 25 flavoring ingredients, Christoph began to carry out experiments with “pre-macerations” involving lingonberries, which, we hoped, would lead to the results we were seeking. (He could probably do a better job of explaining this – but sometimes it's better not to let him talk for too long! That makes everything easier, and above all, we don't give away all of our secrets!) The whole thing works more or less like this: Long before the rest of the ingredients are added to the maceration, the lingonberries are soaked in alcohol and their aroma is extracted. In this way, the molecular structure of the ethanol changes, and it becomes easier for certain flavorings (particularly within the sweet range) to attach themselves to the molecular structure of the alcohol. The alcohol is, in a manner of speaking, prepared on the molecular-structural level, or processed. This occurs in a cold maceration. Afterward, the other botanicals are added to the maceration. In a complex interplay with the quality of our alcohol and of our ingredients, this process of pre-maceration with lingonberries did indeed represent a decisive advance, and thus in effect, amounted to the “deciphering of the Black Forest DNA code.”

The lingonberry grows over a wide area in the Black Forest, and the plants are found standing close together, near blueberries, in acidic soil, primarily on mountain ridges in the southern Black Forest. As a child growing up in Stuttgart, I participated at least once a year in the annual “berry harvest” – during the obligatory class trip to a scenic lake, either the “Schluchsee” or the “Titisee.” Armed with plastic bags and special harvesting tools known as “lingonberry combs,” whole school classes would set out to collect the essential ingredient needed to make lingonberry preserves at home. Today, of course, this is illegal – both the lingonberry comb, which can damage the plants, and the “organized harvest” of lingonberries, which are a protected plant species.

And although the lingonberry possesses everything, in terms of its aromatic properties, that we would hope to find in a good gin – strong bitter notes, accentuated acidity, subtle fruit – it is not the lingonberry's potential effect on the taste of our gin that is of paramount importance when it comes to our technique of pre-maceration, even if we hear time and again from a few very smart people who “know their way around the world of gin” that they can detect the “very noticeable” taste of lingonberries in our gin. I highly doubt those assertions, and really, we don't use lingonberries to impart their flavor to our gin, but rather in order to bring about the textural changes in its ethanol base, as described above.

I remember the Sunday morning that my sister came to visit us, and arrived to see, standing on our dining-room table, about 80 one-liter bottles containing Christoph's “experiments,” next to a few glasses that had been left there in the aftermath of my tasting sessions the evening before. My sister looked at me, her eyes wide, and asked me, in a low voice and with a tone of embarrassment, if I perhaps had a little problem with alcohol. I couldn't help but burst out laughing. Of course, she didn't know anything about my gin schemes, and I could only answer, “No, I actually have a big alcohol problem!”

And that was not a lie. Because as much fun as it can be to explore the sensory differences among various distillates, anyone who has ever tasted only 20 gins in earnest, one after another, will know that this is not child's play. Although gin is a very “clean” spirit, it is nonetheless a highly aromatic spirit, and one with a relatively high alcohol content – and in our case, some of the distillates had not even had the alcohol content reduced to the level normally found in distilled spirits meant for drinking, that is to say, they had an alcohol by volume of over 80 percent! After the first ten little test glasses, the color in your face starts to get darker; after the next ten, the muscles in your jaws become somewhat stiff, and after 10 more of those little glasses, your palate can't perceive much of anything anymore. I have been on many competition juries, and have upon occasion drunk 50 “Kirschwasser“ brandies, one after another, but that's nothing compared with gin. And if it's your own product that's at stake, and you want to get the best results possible, and you need to make the right sensory decisions – that's a whole different thing altogether.

After the first 150 test distillations and the tastings associated with them, we did know, however, the direction in which we wanted to go, or rather, how we would reach our ultimate goal of the “perfect gin,” which we had sketched out long ago on the kitchen table as a strictly theoretical flavor profile. That is to say, we had figured out how to decipher the sensory DNA of our Black Forest monkey…

It all began when we sought the guidance of one of the most renowned biologists specializing in aromatic plants – Dr. Bernd Dittrich, whom I knew from my work with him on the production of herbal distillates. My wife, Christiane, reconfigured our herb garden, and in our greenhouse, she grew a number of plants from cuttings, including several types of Monardas, whose blossoms we wanted to use. And since Alexander had more or less of his own volition given me “Carte Blanche” for testing the aromatic properties of natural ingredients, I could take full advantage of the situation.
I myself, however, was quite shocked when my “small order” of spices, herbs, seeds and roots that we could not cultivate ourselves showed up one fine morning in the form of a truck with six pallets full of marvelous spices from Asia, Alpine herbs, and fragrant blossoms, all of which we unloaded. And when, having quickly set up four makeshift tables in our parlor, we piled up the more than 200 little cans, boxes, and bags with the most splendiferous botanicals from around the whole world, and the fragrances wafted through the whole house, spreading the aromas of a Middle Eastern bazaar, or the dock of the East India Company, well, at that point I had finally arrived in distiller's heaven!

Alexander showed up then, and stood in the doorway shaking his head, visibly exasperated at the “Swabian thoroughness” with which I was approaching this whole endeavor. But then the big, wide world of this aroma paradise right inside of our farmer-style parlor worked its magic on him too, and he evidently had a lot of fun in the several days we spent together smelling and tasting everything, and coming up with various combinations and comparing them with the distillates we had already made. It was a long road, or more accurately, a trampled-down path in an impenetrable jungle, but it was by scouting this path “step by step” that we became acquainted with a tremendous variety of aromatic substances, accumulating a knowledge base which we would draw upon in good measure over the course of the Monkey's further development. But that is another story...

I can hear you – a gin from Germany, isn't that strange? Well, actually, it's not as strange as it might seem. In the strictest sense, gin is defined as a combination of spirits distilled from herbs and fruits. And nowhere else in the world will you encounter the wealth of distilling expertise and centuries of experience that are to be found in southern Germany. This is where the world's most renowned distillers work, and where traditional coppersmiths build the world's best distilleries. So it comes as no surprise that British gin producers often place their trust in the expertise of southern German equipment manufacturers and the skills of Swabian coppersmiths. Baden Württemberg in particular – with more than 23,000 active micro-distilleries! – has a concentration of distilleries that is unrivaled in its diversity worldwide, and includes establishments that can draw on a centuries-old tradition (actually dating back to protective orders issued by members of the Habsburg dynasty). Indeed, the unrivaled accumulation of know-how in this German state makes Great Britain, the home of gin, look like a miniature distilling monoculture by comparison. The reason for this is delightfully simple: The Black Forest region not only benefits from its natural landscape, venerable distilling tradition, and innovative inhabitants, but it also provides essential ingredients, such as pure spring water and exceptionally aromatic berries and varieties of fruit. And so, the idea of making a gin here in Germany appeared to me at this point to be quite logical, since the key ingredients needed for a Schwarzwald Dry Gin were all right here, in the Black Forest.

The distillation of herbs, spices, fruits, roots (along with vegetables, honey, mushrooms, nuts, the needles of coniferous trees, etc.) was, to be sure, one of my core competencies, and I could fall back on my experience working with a number of plant materials, all of which was relevant to our situation. Nonetheless, the creation of a well-harmonized recipe presents a particular challenge for a distiller. It's not enough to know how the various substances – fresh or dried, ripe or unripe, ground or whole – taste and smell, and it also doesn't suffice to know what will happen with any one of the given aromas when it is distilled on its own, without any other aromas, or how the aroma in question will develop in the course of the distillation process. One must rather analyze the properties of the various substances as they interact with each other when combined in a distillate. It seems that there are gins that are produced by mixing together several distillates that are respectively produced using a single aroma (in technical jargon, we would speak here of a mere “blend”). These gins are not however, strictly speaking, “London Dry” gins, and this approach will never yield a complex distillate, since the various terpenes and fatty acids interact with each other in the heat of the distillation process, so that they augment and alter each other's molecular structures. In other words, the only way to achieve a really complex, well-harmonized, multifaceted gin is by combining the botanicals in the stages of maceration, digestion, distillation or percolation.

A good gin will always be a good gin, and a bad gin simply a bad gin, irrespective of geographic location. The use of the term “London Dry Gin” does not, as is generally believed, denote any connection to the city of London, but rather describes a set of regulations regarding quality standards in the production of a Dry Gin. Myth busted!

According to EU legislation, gin is a juniper-flavored spirit drink produced by flavoring organoleptically suitable ethyl alcohol (that is, ethyl alcohol that will stimulate the sense organs) of agricultural origin with juniper berries (Juniperus communis L.). The minimum concentration of alcohol by volume in gin is 37.5 percent, and only natural flavoring agents and/or those identical to them as defined in the regulations are to be used for the production of gin, and juniper must be the dominant flavor in the taste profile.

Too complicated? OK, let's simplify that description somewhat: Gin is a spirit that is made using an agricultural spirit base, and flavored or cold-compounded with a juniper aroma, rather than real juniper berries. Other natural or artificial aromas are added to the mix in such a manner as to allow the juniper flavor to dominate the overall taste. This method of producing gin has nothing to do with distillation, and is exactly the opposite of what we are doing. But since it is the least expensive method of producing gin, it has proven to be very attractive to producers who are in it just for the money. Fortunately, producers of Dry Gin have to follow more rigorous production guidelines and employ methods that yield higher-quality products. Plain “gin,” with no further designation, occupies the entry level within the legal classification system. Next up is Distilled Gin, which stands out from plain gin in that its base spirit must be redistilled together with natural ingredients, including juniper berries. In theory, this process will generally lead to a more balanced and flavorful product, compared with a gin that is made by simply adding flavorings to a neutral spirit. But since other natural or artificial flavor compounds may be used to add more flavors to distilled gin, that means that not all of the flavor comes from the distillation process.

So, let's forget about the legal definition and focus on what really matters: Dry Gin, or London Dry Gin is the most strictly regulated designation in the gin family, and thus it generally refers to products of a higher quality and aroma density. London Dry Gin is obtained exclusively from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin, with a maximum methanol content of 5 grams per hectoliter of 100 percent alcohol by volume, and the flavor is produced solely by the re-distillation in traditional stills of ethyl alcohol together with all of the natural plant ingredients used, and the resulting distillate must contain at least 70 percent alcohol by volume.
The difference between London Dry Gin and a basic gin, or a distilled gin, is that the former contains neither added sweeteners in excess of 0.1 grams of sugars per liter of alcohol, nor colorants. In plain language, for anyone who isn't a lawyer or a chemist, it comes down to this: all of the flavor in a London Gin, or London Dry Gin, comes from the redistillation of a neutral spirit along with natural plant materials, and the only additive is water.

But what about Schwarzwald Dry Gin? OK, we admit it – Schwarzwald Dry Gin is not one of the official classifications. It is, rather, the term we use to describe our strict, rigorous quality specifications. Technically, Schwarzwald Dry Gin falls into the Dry Gin category. Schwarzwald Dry Gin is obtained exclusively from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin that is made from molasses, with a maximum methanol content of only 0.5 grams per hectoliter of 100 percent alcohol by volume, whose flavor is introduced solely through the process of redistillation in traditional stills.

Yes, I had underestimated Alexander. I had miscalculated not only in thinking that he would be scared off by the idea of making a real craft gin, and by the considerable time and expense that the development of such a gin would entail, but I had also underestimated his sensory capabilities. The man may not have known a thing about distillation, not a blessed thing about long-chain fatty acids and terpenes, but his ability to perceive and interpret tastes and smells was quite well developed. I have to say that in the first few months of our cooperative venture, I learned a lot from Alexander, in particular the necessity of expanding my sensory perspective, and I had to change my mind about a few things. While I did have an extensive knowledge of the aromas and fragrances that have a role to play in the world of brandies and schnapps, of herbal distillates, of perfumes and the eaux de vie that are drunk when smoking cigars, I had – as a matter of character – no familiarity with the perspective of a bar habitué, or of a connoisseur of mixed drinks and cocktails. Due to the differences in our backgrounds and experience (on the one hand, the drinker; on the other, the distiller!) we would be able to complement each other perfectly in the many tasting sessions and decisions that lay ahead. But it took quite some time before we got to the first tastings of actual test distillates, and so perhaps I should begin at the beginning.

Gin distillers face a greater challenge, than, say, distillers of absinthe, for one important reason. It is possible to find any number of publicly accessible, detailed recipes for absinthe dating from the 19th century, which in turn make it possible for us today to distill a 100-percent historically accurate absinthe. But this is not the case for gin, whether we are talking about a list of herbal ingredients, or the technology to be employed. Producers and distilleries keep the recipes for “their” varieties under lock and key, or they publish at the most a few rudimentary hints concerning their distillation process.
And so, anyone who would like to distill gin must find the answers to a number of questions, and have a very experimental nature. Concerning the technological aspects, it is necessary to settle the question of whether to use a continuous or batch distillation process, whether to opt for single-stage or multi-stage distillation, whether to use a hot or cold maceration process, steam extraction or percolation, whether to use “Carterhead” stills with their separate baskets for the botanicals, whether to rectify the crude spirit with a rectifying column, and so on.
All of these different processes can absolutely be used, and are in fact quite common. As an aroma junkie, you have to find your own way through this jungle and its very particular technology – but we'll tell you more about that later.

With the addition of the lingonberry brandy, this rather flat gin, which had practically no aroma, was suddenly transformed into a spirit with a full-flavored, complex aroma, with a subtly fruity note and ... a tremendous, lingering finish! Just what we had been talking and thinking about a short time ago – and I had it in the glass right here in front of me. Of course, this blend still lacked the fresh aromas of citrus and the entire floral superstructure we had been talking about. But I had made a decision, and fortified my courage with the requisite quantity of spirits!

Now I just had to call my bearded partner and tell him about my experiment. Of course, I would employ the right tactics, cleverly embedding my tale within a thick layer of flattery regarding his superb brandy. “Throw the monkey a cube of sugar,” –get him fired up -- as the German saying goes, that was the order of the day. And the appeal to his vanity worked. Christoph was hooked, he was on board. We could get started. The Black Forest Distillers had been born, and within a short time, we had set up our company.

In effect, Christoph had put a gun to my head, saying: “If I'm going to get involved, we're going to do everything according to my philosophy. Everything is going to be made by hand, from real ingredients, and the gin is going to be distilled like a macerated-fruit brandy.” Thus, I had the choice between putting my gin-making future in the hands of this character in his overalls and full beard – or to get out of there as fast as possible, which at that moment seemed like the right thing to do! And so, after this first meeting, we drove back to Stuttgart without reaching any agreement – and we were greatly relieved to have escaped the clutches of this dogma-obsessed distiller.

But back at home, once again, I couldn't sleep at night. And at this juncture, I should be fair and tell you that this hippie in overalls, I mean, Christoph, was really a very nice guy, and evidently anacknowledged expert on the art of distillation. And maybe he was actually right – maybe I really should make a gin that could be drunk “neat” – without even an ice cube to dilute it. This gin would be handcrafted in the traditional manner, and would possess a greater individuality and be finer and more complex than any other gin that had existed up until the present.

Sometimes I pictured myself sitting down at my bank in Stuttgart. “Dear Mr. Banker, I have a fabulous idea: I am going to make a Black Forest gin together with a beatnik distiller down by Lake Constance, in a micro-distillery. It's going to be a great thing, but it will take a while, you understand – the 120 distillations to get the aroma notes right, and all that -- and so we need a good-sized loan, but we don't have any collateral for you.” I was breaking out in a sweat every night in my bed. We were in the middle of the international banking crisis, and the headlines in the business section of the paper were full of the term “systemic importance” in relation to the banks. Perhaps it would be smarter, then, to get a somewhat less demanding distiller involved in this project – or was the distiller not a “systemically important” factor in this context?

The first thing I decided to do was to change my tactics. That is to say, I overcame my reluctance to plunge ahead with this artisanal gin project, and invited Christoph to visit us at home, so that we could get to know each other better. I had bottles of about 20 different brands of gin set up, and my plan was to soften him up somewhat with a bit of shop talk. And it actually worked; my plan was a success. We sniffed, we tasted, we chattered away – and we had a marvelous time doing it. Basically, we came up that evening with a rough sketch of our perfect gin: a contemporary gin, that is, refreshing, and therefore not heavy with grain, but rather possessing a sweet, floral head note, fragrant, flowery but not overly so, with a fresh citrusy “mezzanine” or interim note, a solid heart note of juniper and intense spice emerging on the palate, complex but well harmonized, and a subtle, fruity base note that would resonate with the kind of persistence normally associated only with fruit brandies. And lo and behold: these two different types of people (the two of us, that is!) had, to our mutual surprise, come to an agreement! There on the table lay the rough draft of the sensory profile of a perfect gin that would be a genuine, handcrafted distillate! Just the kind of gin that we would both like to drink!

The day could not have been soggier. Rain fell without cease, puddles were everywhere, and the mud on the farm was ankle deep. The two gentlemen in their fashionable clothes and Italian leather shoes must have thought, as they took in the sheep, the goats, the chickens and the rustic distillery, that they had found their way to the proverbial end of the earth. As for me, I thought a couple of “secret agents” had come calling from the big city.

Nonetheless, we got along very well with each other, thanks to a few basic things we had in common – that is, our Swabian background and the homeowner's mentality that Swabians are famous for, along with the cultivated irony typical of our generation in Germany. During a classic Swabian coffee hour with thick, buttered pretzels, we got to know each other better, and I was told the story of Montgomery Collins and his Black Forest gin – and then it was suggested that we join forces to bring this gin back to life. I refused flat out. What was I thinking?

I suspect that I was the only person in the room that day who did not recognize the possibilities inherent in this idea, or the potential this cooperative venture might hold.

What can I say in my own defense? Well, for one thing, back then gin, as an industrially produced spirit, was an utter no-man's-land for a distiller, and an artisanally distilled gin made with natural botanical ingredients was nowhere on anyone's radar screen. Gin was simply a neutral distilled spirit to which cheap aromas were added, a mass-produced liquor to be used as the base for mixed drinks, and one that respected distillers could in no way be linked to.

On the other hand, I realized immediately what a huge effort it would be to develop the kind of gin that was being proposed. Like absinthe and aquavit, gin is a very complex distillate, and many factors play a role in its development: a variety of ingredients and natural substances (the so-called “botanicals”), the quality of those ingredients, the distillation process, which may use any of a number of very different technologies (see our description below) and the sensory profile, which, as with perfume, consists of head notes, heart notes, and base notes. As a compound spirit, combining a fruit-based spirit (juniper, citrus, or berries) with an herbal spirit (herbs, blossoms, roots, or spices), gin presents the ultimate challenge for an artisanal distiller (surpassed only by fruit brandies!) and just cannot be compared to simple, mass-produced spirits such as, for example, whiskeys, vodka, rum, or tequila. With those spirits, the distilling process and the skill of the distiller play only a minor role.

Furthermore, while I thought the gentlemen in their custom-tailored suits were nice enough, I didn't think we were on the same wavelength. I automatically assumed that they wanted fast results, and planned to spend as little money as possible.
That is why I pretended at first that the whole proposition didn't interest me at all, and I came up with a “development scenario” which, in keeping with our philosophy at the Stählemühle, foresaw a 100-percent artisanal distillate, made with 100-percent genuine botanicals, with absolutely no additives (aromas or sugar), whose development would take about one-and-a-half to two years, and would require a substantial budget. I was quite certain that this plan would serve as an effective deterrent, and send the two gentlemen packing.
But I had grossly underestimated Alexander.

After his two children were born, it evidently didn't take long for Alexander to decide it was time to quit his job, go back home to Baden-Württemberg, and get started on a project of his very own.

And then a dubious succession of coincidences led to a fateful outcome: a friend of Alexander's from the Black Forest told him one evening in passing about a British military officer who had married into an innkeeping family in the central Black Forest, and who then, together with a local distiller, created a gin for himself and the guests at his restaurant. (Please see our story about Montgomery Collins.)
This anecdote was the initial spark that lit up Alexander's imagination, leading first of all to several sleepless nights, and then to the decision to bring this historic Black Forest gin back to life!

It should be noted here that this was not an entirely far-fetched idea, because Alexander actually did know a thing or two about spirits. He comes from a veritable “liquor dynasty” from the Rems River valley near Stuttgart. His grandfather owned a schnapps distillery in the town of Grossheppach that grew into a sizable enterprise under the management of Alexander's father. The name of the schnapps sold by the “Privatweinbrennerei Jacobi” was “Jacobi 1880,” whose advertising jingle was, “Tastes great whether you're 18 or 80!” Over time, as the distillery imported brands such as Fernet Branca and Absolut Vodka into Germany, it developed into a major player in the German spirits sector.

Alexander told me many times, when we were sitting together in the distillery, about his childhood and how he had to climb into the great big stills in order to scrub the copper! Nowadays, in an era of political correctness, it seems improper to talk of such things anymore, but back then, this was absolutely a job commonly performed by children, since the so-called “manholes,” that is, the openings in the stills, were too small for grown men to fit through.

In any case, Alexander absorbed the distiller's craft at his mother's breast, so to speak, and he knows the winding paths of the world of distilled spirits backwards, forwards and sideways. But when the time came for setting out on his own path in life, and making decisions about his education, Alexander decided not to go into the family business, but rather, to study business administration with the aim of becoming a top-level, globetrotting manager. The “Privatbrennerei Jacobi” and its brands were sold, but Alexander's father, Jürgen Stein, has maintained a number of connections to the distilling business, along with his epicurean appreciation for fine spirits, right up to the present. At times, I have tried to get Alexander to tell me whether he had ever regretted the decision he had made in his youth. There is absolutely no indication that this is the case – and today, it seems, the pieces of the puzzle have come together, and the world of distilled spirits once again has Alexander firmly in its grip! The road to that point, however, was a long one, because a number of obstacles had to be surmounted before the intention to bring a historic Black Forest gin back to life could result in the “Schwarzwald Dry Gin” of today.

Now, if someone were to say to YOU, “Give this guy a call!” and were to thrust a newspaper article into YOUR hand that featured a photograph of a grim-looking character whose face was wholly obscured by thickets of beard and mustache, and whose age was impossible to determine, and then in the headline of the article you spotted an expression like “slow lane,” – would you just go and give such a character a call? Well, I did no such thing either. What I actually wanted to do was to make gin, not set up a hippie commune with some kind of schnapps guru, and romp with him among the tree trunks down by Lake Constance, performing ritual dances. When I pictured the kind of person who could initiate me into the mysteries of gin-making, I imagined a respectable distiller, a distinguished man in a white lab coat, not some self-taught new-age artisan who looked like the hairy bandit hero of a beloved German children's book, The Robber Hotzenplotz. But you know how fathers are – I was “reminded” over and over again of my filial obligation, and pestered to the point where I got over my allergic reaction to this “Robber Hotzenplotz,” this nice Fidel Castro doppelganger, and was willing to go dance with him around the tree trunks down by Lake Constance. And so I picked up the telephone...

In 2004, I took over an old farm located between the Black Forest and Lake Constance. This was the “Stählemühle,” a mill property that came with an agricultural distilling license that was granted in the mid-19th Century. In order to keep the distilling license current, I began in 2005 to distill schnapps.
This hobby grew at first into a passion, and then it became a career.

As an absolute newcomer to the distiller's craft, I profited back then from two circumstances of inestimable value. For one thing, I didn't have a father standing next to me who was forever getting in my face and impressing upon me in the thickest of Swabian dialects that things should be done a certain way – “the way it's always been done.” And so I could experiment freely in the first few years, and incorporate into my work the latest developments from research on fermentation technology and distillation. (In the past 15 years just about everything in these areas has completely changed – we distill spirits today in a totally different manner from the previous generation.) On the other hand, I could totally disregard the business aspect of my work, since I wasn't engaged in distillation to make money, but rather as a passionate hobbyist. I had, so to speak, a calling and not a career. Thus I never had to take into account the “saleability” of my distillates, but rather, could concentrate entirely on achieving the best possible quality, the absolute maximum that could be gotten out of all the long-chain fatty acids and terpenes at my disposal, that is to say, the natural aromas of my raw material. And so I just tried constantly to extract the best of all possible distillates, the most typical and characteristic essence of fruit, wild fruits, herbs, nuts, vegetables, grain, and spices. By now, I have distilled about 450 different basic commodities – everything I could get my hands on! Totally out of curiosity, in 2006 I took part for the first time, along with my distillates, in the biggest international distillers' competition, and to my surprise, my efforts were met with great success. In 2008, the Gault-Millau guidebook placed us in the “Circle of Select Distillers,” which meant we were in the lineup of the 10 best distilleries in the world, within which we have been continuously represented since then. This was all reported in articles in the larger national newspapers, and also in Stuttgart, the capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. And it is precisely here that Alexander Stein comes into play, as he had gotten hold of such an article about my distillery. (To be strictly accurate, Alexander's father had read the article in question, and thrust it into his son's hand with the words, “Give that guy a call!”)

I was enthralled, no, I was obsessed with the idea of producing a Black Forest gin whose aromas would come from local ingredients, and I was determined to breathe new life into an old recipe.

I succumbed to a veritable “ginfection” – the gin virus had taken possession of me, and from then on, it had a perniciously intense effect on my well-being. But one thing after another ... to begin with, a number of problems came up, some of which were to be expected, and others that were totally unforeseeable. At that time I worked as a general manager for Nokia, the Finnish telecommunications concern, and I lived with my wife and young children in Detroit. As far as the subject of gin was concerned, any knowledge or experience I had was limited exclusively to the consumption – and not the making – of said product. These were not exactly the best qualifications for becoming a producer of gin – but that, ultimately, was my plan! Thus, the enthusiasm of my closest friends and relatives for my new “fixation” was so low that you might say it had hit the freezing point. But may I add in my own defense that in the year 2006, gin was not considered to be a “trendy liquor,” and certainly not a luxury spirit – quite in contrast to the situation today, when every distiller in every wood and dale, every connoisseur, and anyone with a bar at home has, by his own account, become an expert on gin.

At the end of 2008, to the general dismay of my family and friends, I did indeed decide to quit my job, and after a number of years spent abroad, including stints in North and South America, I moved back to my homeland, the German state of Baden-Württemberg. In my somewhat overambitious estimation, this step represented a putative turning of the corner: I was namely unemployed, and no longer in the USA – thus, I could get started immediately! Unfortunately I had, however, overlooked the fact that my knowledge and skills with regard to distilling gin were still rather meager, or wholly nonexistent. Thus, I had to go out in search of a master distiller who could work with me to turn this idea into reality. And thanks to several coincidences, I met up relatively quickly with Christoph Keller, who is one of the best distillers in the world, and makes legendary schnapps.

And this distillery isn't some factory out there somewhere, but rather a facility where spirits are distilled, by two real people who are passionately devoted to their craft and its very essence.

And so in this blog, we would like to personally give you insights into our work and a glimpse “behind the scenes,” at a reality that exists at some remove from the stories that are told about us time and again. The main subjects that we intend to discuss include the history of how the Monkey came to be; our life stories and our everyday lives; the historical development of gin and the technology of distillation; the individual steps involved in the production of a craft gin; and the variety of botanicals that we use, their selection and processing. We also would like to express our very subjective opinions on a number of topics that have to do with gin, and on the yarns and myths that it has inspired.

If you keep scrolling through our blog with an attentive eye, you will come to understand what makes us tick, and why it is that Monkey 47 tastes the way it does.